Overview
What it is
Speech, language, and communication disorders affect how a child understands or uses language, produces speech sounds, or communicates socially. They're common, treatable, and unrelated to intelligence. A speech-language pathologist (SLP) evaluates and provides therapy — often as a related service on an IEP.
Signs
Signs & characteristics
- Speech-sound differencesTrouble pronouncing sounds, or being understood
- Language differencesDifficulty understanding or using words, grammar, or following directions
- Fluency (stuttering)Disruptions in the flow of speech
- Social (pragmatic) communicationDifficulty with conversation, turn-taking, or reading social cues
- Auditory processing differencesTrouble making sense of what's heard, even with normal hearing
Evaluation
Evaluation & testing
A speech-language pathologist evaluates speech and language using standardized tools, observation, and history. If the difference affects learning, the child may qualify for speech-language services (as a stand-alone IEP category, “speech or language impairment,” or as a related service supporting another IEP).
Supports
Supports & accommodations
- Speech-language therapyTargeted work on sounds, language, fluency, or social communication
- Classroom supportsSimplified directions, visuals, extra processing time
- Communication toolsAAC for students who need alternative ways to communicate
- CollaborationBetween the SLP, teachers, and family
- A specialized settingSome families choose a speech-language or auditory-processing school
For Families
What families can do
- Start with what you noticeKeep notes on specific examples over time
- Talk to the school and your doctorShare your observations and ask about an evaluation
- Request an evaluation in writingIt starts the process and creates a record
- Learn your rightsAn IEP or 504 Plan may provide support
- Focus on strengths tooEvery child has strengths to build on
Key Terms
Terms to know
- Speech vs languageProducing sounds vs understanding/using words
- SLPSpeech-language pathologist
- PragmaticsThe social use of language
- Auditory processingHow the brain interprets sounds
- AACAugmentative and alternative communication
FAQ
Frequently asked questions
- What's the difference between speech and language?Speech is producing sounds; language is understanding and using words and meaning.
- Who evaluates and treats these?A speech-language pathologist (SLP).
- Can my child get school support?Yes — as an IEP category or a related service.
- Is stuttering a disorder?It's a fluency difference an SLP can help with.
- Is auditory processing the same as hearing loss?No — it's difficulty interpreting sounds despite normal hearing.
At a Glance
Key facts
- IncludesSpeech, language, fluency & social-communication differences
- Evaluated/treated byA speech-language pathologist
- Helped bySpeech-language therapy
- School supportIEP category or related service
Learn More
Where to learn more
Learn more and find support: