Overview
What it is
Dyslexia is a common, brain-based language learning difference that mainly affects reading — specifically the ability to connect letters to sounds (decoding), spell, and read fluently. It is not related to intelligence or effort; many people with dyslexia are bright, creative thinkers. With the right instruction, students with dyslexia can become strong readers.
Signs
Signs & characteristics
- Trouble sounding out wordsDifficulty connecting letters to sounds (phonics)
- Slow, effortful readingReading is laborious and tiring
- Spelling strugglesEven for familiar words
- Difficulty with rhyming or word soundsEspecially in younger children
- Avoiding readingAnd frustration or fatigue with it
- A gap between ability and readingStrong in discussion but struggling on the page
Evaluation
Evaluation & testing
Dyslexia is identified through a comprehensive evaluation (school-based or private) that looks at reading, spelling, and phonological processing (using tools like the CTOPP), alongside cognitive and language measures. Many states also require early dyslexia screening in the primary grades to catch difficulties early.
Supports
Supports & accommodations
- Structured LiteracyExplicit, systematic phonics-based instruction (Orton-Gillingham-based approaches) is the most evidence-based support
- AccommodationsExtra time, audiobooks, text-to-speech, and reduced copying
- Assistive technologySpeech-to-text, text-to-speech, and reading apps
- Early interventionThe earlier the support, the better the outcomes
- A specialized schoolSome families choose a school that specializes in dyslexia
For Families
What families can do
- Start with what you noticeKeep notes on specific examples over time
- Talk to the school and your doctorShare your observations and ask about an evaluation
- Request an evaluation in writingIt starts the process and creates a record
- Learn your rightsAn IEP or 504 Plan may provide support
- Focus on strengths tooEvery child has strengths to build on
Key Terms
Terms to know
- Phonological awarenessHearing and manipulating the sounds in words
- DecodingSounding out written words
- Structured LiteracyExplicit, systematic reading instruction
- Orton-GillinghamA widely used structured-literacy approach
FAQ
Frequently asked questions
- Is dyslexia related to intelligence?No — it's a specific reading difference, unrelated to intelligence.
- Can it be outgrown?It's lifelong, but with the right instruction, reading improves greatly.
- What's the best help?Structured, phonics-based literacy instruction, started early.
- Will my child qualify for support?Often yes — through an IEP or a 504 Plan.
- Where do I start?Request an evaluation and talk with your school and doctor.
At a Glance
Key facts
- WhatA language-based reading difference
- AffectsDecoding, spelling, fluency
- Not related toIntelligence
- Best supportStructured Literacy (phonics-based)
- Also helpsAccommodations & assistive technology
Learn More
Where to learn more
Learn more and find support: