What it is
Geology & earth science (geoscience) is the study of the Earth — its materials, structure, processes, and history: rocks and minerals, earthquakes and volcanoes, water and climate, and the resources beneath our feet.
What you'll study
Geoscience combines science with fieldwork:
- FoundationPhysical & historical geology, chemistry, physics, calculus
- CoreMineralogy, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology, geophysics
- AppliedHydrogeology, environmental geology, GIS, and a field camp
- ExperienceField work is central to the major
Concentrations & focus areas
- Environmental GeologyWater, hazards, remediation
- Petroleum / Energy GeologyResources & energy
- GeophysicsEarth's physical processes
- HydrogeologyGroundwater
- PaleontologyFossils & Earth history
- Geospatial / GISMapping & data
Skills you'll build
- Field & lab skillsSampling and analysis
- Spatial reasoning3D & GIS thinking
- Data analysisInterpreting Earth data
- Problem-solvingComplex systems
- CommunicationReports and maps
Careers & job titles
- Geoscientist / geologistEnergy, environment, consulting
- Environmental scientist / consultantRemediation and compliance
- HydrologistWater resources
- GeophysicistExploration & hazards
- GIS / geospatial analystMapping and data
- Government survey / researchUSGS, state agencies
Job outlook & demand
Geoscience employment is steady, tied to energy, environmental, and water needs. A bachelor's (often with a master's for advancement) supports most roles; demand is supported by environmental work, water resources, and the energy transition.
Pay: median, range & trajectory
Per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, geoscientists had a median around $92,000, and environmental scientists ~$82,220. Petroleum/energy geology pays higher; entry and environmental roles vary.
Degree levels it's offered at
Offered across these levels — click a level to learn about it:
A bachelor's supports many geoscience and environmental roles; a master's is often preferred for professional geologist positions and advancement.
Is it right for you?
You might thrive here if you love the outdoors and the Earth, enjoy fieldwork and problem-solving, and want a science career with real-world application in energy, environment, or water.
Tip: adding GIS and environmental skills broadens prospects, and a master's helps for licensed professional-geologist roles.
Explore further
Keep exploring:
Key facts
- StudiesEarth's materials, processes, and history
- InvolvesFieldwork, lab analysis, GIS
- CareersGeoscientist, environmental consultant, hydrologist, GIS analyst
- EmployersEnergy, environment, water, government
- Pay~$92,000 (geoscientists, BLS)
Where to learn more
Authoritative sources for careers and pay: