Education in Italy
Italy runs a centralized, Italian-language education system with a deep academic heritage — it is home to the University of Bologna (founded 1088), the oldest university in the world, and the Bologna Process that shaped European higher education is named for it. Schooling leads to the Maturità state exam, public universities charge low, income-based tuition, and Italy is a major destination for international students, especially in the arts, design, architecture, and the humanities.
Structure & stages
The system is organized as:
- Scuola dell'infanziaPre-school, ages 3–6
- Scuola primaria (primary, 5 years)Ages ~6–11
- Scuola secondaria di primo grado (lower secondary, 3 years)Ages ~11–14
- Scuola secondaria di secondo grado (upper secondary, 5 years)Either an academic liceo (classico, scientifico, linguistico, artistico, and more) or a technical/vocational institute, leading to the Maturità
Compulsory education & enrolment
Education is compulsory from age 6 to 16. Public schooling is free, and the school year runs roughly September to June. Students choose their upper-secondary track (academic vs. technical/vocational) around age 14, shaping their path toward university or the workforce.
Public schools
Most students attend free public (state) schools, following a national curriculum set by the Ministry of Education. The choice of liceo type — for example, the classical liceo (with Latin and Ancient Greek) or the scientific liceo — is a significant decision in a student's education.
Private & international schools
Italy has a private and religious (largely Catholic) school sector, plus international schools, concentrated in the larger cities.
Curriculum & language of instruction
The curriculum covers Italian, mathematics, the sciences, history, geography, foreign languages, and (in the classical liceo) Latin and Greek. Upper-secondary content varies substantially by track, with the liceo emphasizing academic depth and the institutes emphasizing technical or vocational skills.
Exams & qualifications
The key qualification is the Esame di Stato, commonly called the Maturità — the state examination at the end of upper secondary (around age 19). It certifies completion and is the basis for university admission, though some competitive faculties (like medicine) also use national entrance tests.
Higher education
Italy's universities include the historic University of Bologna (1088), Sapienza University of Rome (one of Europe's largest), the University of Padua, the Politecnico di Milano (a top engineering, architecture, and design school), and Bocconi (a leading private business university). Public universities charge tuition scaled to family income (relatively low), and the system is, fittingly, fully Bologna-aligned.
Studying in Italy from abroad
Italy is a top destination for international students, especially in the arts and humanities:
- FieldsRenowned for art, design, architecture, fashion, music, and classical studies, plus growing offerings in business and engineering
- TuitionPublic-university tuition is low and income-based; many scholarships (including regional DSU grants) are available
- LanguageMost programs are in Italian, but a growing number of English-taught programs exists (notably at Politecnico di Milano, Bocconi, and in medicine via the IMAT exam)
- VisaEU students enjoy free movement; non-EU students apply (often via the Universitaly portal) and obtain a student visa
Special education & support
Italy was a pioneer of full inclusion: since the 1970s it has largely eliminated separate special schools, integrating students with disabilities into mainstream classrooms with support teachers — a model studied internationally.
Homeschooling
Home education (istruzione parentale) is legally permitted in Italy; families declare their intent and the child must pass a yearly assessment/exam to confirm progress.
Costs & funding
Public schooling is free, and public-university tuition is low and income-based. Private and international schools charge fees. The currency is the Euro (EUR).
Key facts for families
- LanguageItalian
- StructurePrimary (5) + lower secondary (3) + upper secondary (5)
- CompulsoryAges 6–16
- University entryVia the Maturità (plus entrance tests for some faculties)
- Higher edUniversity of Bologna (oldest in the world), Sapienza, Politecnico di Milano; low income-based tuition
- School yearSeptember to June
Where to verify the details
This guide is a starting point, not the final authority. For current, official details: